Transplanting vegetable seedlings from indoors to the garden is an exciting step in the gardening process. Moving those tiny seedlings that you nurtured under grow lights or in a sunny window to the great outdoors marks a transition – from starting seeds to growing a bountiful vegetable garden. But timing is everything when it comes to transplanting. Do it too early and your seedlings may not survive. Wait too long and they can become rootbound or stunted. So when is the ideal time to transplant your vegetable seedlings? Read on for a complete guide.
Know Your Plant’s Preferences
The first factor to consider is whether you are growing warm-season or cool-season vegetables. Warm-season crops like tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, squash, melons, okra, and beans prefer warm soil and air temperatures. Transplant them after all danger of frost has passed and when nighttime temperatures remain above 50°F. Cool-season crops such as lettuce, spinach, peas, radish, broccoli, and cabbage can tolerate cooler temperatures. You can transplant them 4-6 weeks before your last expected frost date. Check your local frost dates and make sure your seedlings are hardened off before exposing them to cool spring temperatures.
Wait for True Leaves
Seed leaves (cotyledons) are the first set of leaves that emerge after germination True leaves develop after the cotyledons and resemble the mature leaves of the plant It is best to wait until the seedling has grown at least 3-4 true leaves before transplanting, This allows the root system to become established enough that the plant can better withstand the trauma of being moved, Transplanting too early with just cotyledons or 1-2 true leaves risks shocking or stunting the plant, Be patient and allow robust true leaves to develop first,
Observe Roots in Containers
Gently slide seedlings out of their containers or cells to check root development before transplanting. Look for healthy white roots radiating through the soil mix. Avoid transplanting if roots are just beginning to grow and have not filled out the container. This means the plant is not ready to be moved and needs more time to grow stronger roots.
On the flip side, delaying transplant too long can result in a root bound plant. You’ll know it’s rootbound if roots are densely circled along the edges or bottom of the container. Gently loosen and spread out circled roots before planting to encourage normal growth. Heavily rootbound plants often struggle after transplanting.
Harden Off Gradually
Seedlings grown indoors or in a greenhouse need to be hardened off before they are exposed to outdoor conditions. This toughening up period entails setting seedlings outdoors in a sheltered spot for increasing lengths of time over 7-10 days. Start with just a few hours a day in the shade and work up to overnight stays before transplanting into the garden. Hardening off prevents shock and reduces transplant stress. Never move tender indoor seedlings straight to the harsh outdoors.
Time it Right in Spring
In most climates transplanting vegetable seedlings happens in the spring when soil temperatures warm up and danger of frost has passed. Pay attention to weather forecasts in your area so tender plants are not exposed to a late cold snap. It’s safest to transplant on an overcast or mild day without extreme heat or cold. Prioritize getting warm season plants out first while temperatures are still moderate.
Knowing average last frost dates will guide your spring planting timing. Count backwards from your frost free date based on the number of weeks your veggies take to mature. For example if your last frost date is May 15th and tomatoes take 8 weeks from transplant to mature fruit try to transplant tomatoes by mid to late April. Of course weather varies each year so remain flexible and ready to protect against stray frosts.
Transplant in Fall Too
While spring is prime transplant time, consider setting out vegetables in the fall too. Many cool season crops can be sown in mid to late summer and grown into the winter months. Start seeds or buy transplants in July or August and transplant out once they are established. With protection, kale, carrots, lettuce, spinach and other hardy veggies will keep growing well into cold weather.
Tips for Transplanting Day
Once your seedlings are ready for the transition, use these tips to give them the best start:
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Water plants well before removing them from containers. Moist soil helps prevent root damage.
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Handle carefully by gently holding leaves, not stems which are fragile.
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Plant at same depth as in the seedling container. Buried stems may rot.
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Space appropriately depending on mature plant size. Give them room to grow.
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Water immediately and don’t let new transplants dry out.
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Provide shade if transplanting on a hot or bright day.
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Monitor regularly and be prepared to protect against cold snaps or frost.
Common Vegetable Seedling Transplant Times
Use this handy chart as a guideline for when to transplant common vegetable seedlings:
| Vegetable | Time to Transplant |
|-|-|-|
| Beans | 2-3 weeks after germination |
| Broccoli | 5-7 weeks after germination |
| Cabbage | 5-7 weeks after germination |
| Carrots | 3-5 weeks after germination |
| Cucumbers | 2-3 weeks after germination |
| Eggplant | 6-8 weeks after germination |
| Lettuce | 3-4 weeks after germination |
| Melons| 2-3 weeks after germination |
| Onions | 10-12 weeks after germination |
| Peppers | 6-8 weeks after germination |
| Squash | 2-3 weeks after germination |
| Tomatoes | 6-8 weeks after germination |
These timeframes assume growing seedlings at about 70°F. Times vary based on temperatures and other factors. Use general seedling appearance and root development rather than age as the best indicator that vegetables are ready for their big transplant.
Transplanting vegetable seedlings at just the right time is key to getting your garden off to a great start. Understanding plant preferences, identifying true leaves, checking roots, hardening off properly, and taking weather conditions into account will set your seedlings up for transplant success. Pay close attention to seedling growth stages, and transplant only when roots fill containers and several true leaves have unfurled. With proper care at this critical stage, your homegrown vegetables will establish quickly and flourish through the season. Happy transplanting!
Tips for Transplanting Seedlings Outdoors in the Garden
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If you get your “starter” plants from a garden center, you’ll need to know the right way to move them from their pot to the soil. The same goes for any seedlings that you grew yourself. It’s critical to transplant correctly so that your plants grow and thrive. Here’s when and how to transplant your seedlings.
Move seedlings or small plants from their pots outside into garden soil. This is what we mean by “transplanting.” This applies to both:
- Small plants bought at the nursery to use as starters. These are called “transplants” or “starts.” Some vegetables are hard to grow from seeds or take too long, so we depend on nurseries to get them going. Examples are tomatoes, eggplant, and peppers.
- Young plants started from seed at home. Some gardeners start seeds indoors on their own to get an early start on the season. This is especially true if they live in the north where the growing season is short.
Remember that some flowers and vegetables are NOT meant to be moved or transplanted; they do best and easiest when planted directly in the ground. See seed-starting preference by plant.
When to transplant depends on the plant. For plants like spinach that grow best when it’s cool outside, they should be planted before it gets too hot. Others, like tomatoes and peppers, are warm-season crops and will be weakened by too-cool temperatures. The temperature of the soil is important, too!.
Check out our Planting Calendar to see when to move each type of vegetable based on when it will freeze in your area.
Don’t rush it! Earlier isn’t necessarily better, and cold temperatures will slow growth rates. Heat-loving plants shouldn’t be outside until nighttime temperatures remain consistently above 60°F (15°C). Keep an eye on local weather forecasts as you prepare for transplanting. If a serious cold snap is imminent, hold off on transplanting until temperatures are more agreeable.
It is helpful to remember when you start your plants from seeds and when you move them to a new spot. This will help you plan in future years!.
Preparing the Garden and the Plants
When it looks like the weather will get better, start getting your garden ready to be moved into the ground!
- Loosen and amend soil. The soil in your garden may have become hard over the winter. Before you plant, loosen and aerate the soil. Remove any rocks or roots of weeds. Add a lot of organic matter to the soil up to the depth of a shovel. This will help it hold on to water, drain well, and let seedling roots grow easily. Read more about preparing soil for planting.
- Anything that makes the soil warmer will help plants get used to the cold ground. A few weeks before planting, cover the area with black plastic or landscaping fabric to warm up the soil. See how to warm the soil for spring planting.
- Make paths or boards to stand on so people don’t have to walk on the ground. When you walk on the ground, you pack it down, which makes it harder for small roots, water, and air to get through.
- Withhold fertilizer and water less often during the last week of the transplants’ time indoors to get them ready for the rougher life outside.
- Harden-off plants. Before moving seedlings or start plants from inside to outside, they need to be moved slowly so they don’t go through shock. Start by watering the plants thoroughly. Then, 7 to 10 days before transplanting, put the seedlings outside in dappled shade that is out of the wind for a few hours every day. Gradually expose them to full sun and windy conditions. This will help them get used to living outside all the time in the future.
- While the soil is hardening off, make sure it stays wet at all times. Dry air and spring breezes can make you lose water quickly. See our complete guide on hardened-off plants.
How to Tell When It’s Time To Transplant Seedlings
FAQ
How big should vegetable seedlings be before transplanting?
How long can seedlings stay in trays?
What happens if you transplant seedlings too early?
When should I transplant seedlings after hardening off?
There is no cutoff date for transplanting seedlings after the hardening off period. If the seedlings look weak and spindly, it is not likely they will do better after transplanting. Leave them in pots for a few more days until they grow healthier and stronger. When they look ready, pick a relatively cool, cloudy day for transplanting.
When should I transplant seedlings?
It’s best not to transplant seedlings when they are still small. Instead, wait until they are at least twice as tall as the tray. Then, start them earlier next year so they have plenty of time to get large enough before they go outside. Transplanting seedlings into your garden can be a scary thing.
When should I plant seedlings out?
Just remember, it isn’t how tall but how many true leaves your plant has that will determine when you should be planting seedlings out. But even when your seeds are big enough to plant out, make sure you harden off your seedlings before planting them.
When should you transplant a plant?
When to transplant depends on the plant. Some plants, such as spinach, are cool-season crops, which means that they should be planted before outdoor temperatures get too warm. Others, like tomatoes and peppers, are warm-season crops and will be weakened by too-cool temperatures. The temperature of the soil is important, too!